Access authorization having a centralized policy

ABSTRACT

A facility for performing an access control check is provided. The facility receives a request to perform an access control check to determine whether authorization exists to access a resource. The access control check is performed against the identity of a principal, a policy that applies to the principal, and the identity of the resource the principal wants to access. The principal may either be an application program or a combination of an application program and an identity of a user in whose context the application program is executing.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The described technology is directed to computer security and, more particularly, to controlling access to resources on a computer system.

BACKGROUND

As dependence on computers and computer networks increases along with the sophistication and the frequency of attacks on computers and computer networks, the subject of computer security is becoming ever more prominent in the industry. Current computer security techniques are inadequate in protecting application programs and operating systems from malicious software (“malware”)—e.g., viruses, worms, and trojans—designed specifically damage or disrupt a computer system, and other undesirable activity.

Existing access control security models typically rely on a user's credentials to authorize access to resources on a computer. In these models, every process that runs or executes with the same credentials is given the same access rights, whether or not the process needs access to all the resources that is available to the user. Also, a process that needs access to a resource, e.g., to read, write, etc., specifies the required access at the time the resource is accessed.

For example, a user logs on to a personal computer with a user account, and expects to be able to access all word processing documents stored on the personal computer and created using a particular word processing program. In order to satisfy this expectation, a conventional access control security system grants all programs running in the user's context permission to access to all of the aforementioned word processing documents. This is a grant of an excess level of permission, however, because few programs running in the user context other than the word processing program actually need to access to any of the word processing documents.

Typically, malware infects processes by exploiting code defects. Once malware runs inside of a compromised process, it inherits the access rights of the user context in which the process is running, and gets access to all resources that are available to the user, which might be far greater than what the original process ever needed.

Accordingly, an integrated approach to access authorization that improves and enhances the security of resources on a computer will have significant utility.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating selected components typically incorporated in at least some of the computer systems on which the facility executes.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating selected components of the facility, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example policy suitable for use by the facility, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility performs auditing of denied access requests, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility performs auditing of inherently dangerous operations, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility performs learning to facilitate fine-tuning of a policy, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility provides a tiered access control check, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility determines a level of security risk of an application program, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility imposes a more restrictive policy upon detecting an anomaly, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method by which the facility imposes a policy upon detecting an anomaly, according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A software facility (“facility”) for protecting a computer system from the adverse effects arising from exploits against application and operating system programs on the computer system is described. In some embodiments, the facility is implemented as an integral part of the operating system and adds a logic-driven access control layer to the operating system. For example, the facility is implemented in a manner that is integral to the operating system access control mechanism. In some embodiments, the facility may be implemented separate or outside the operating system, for example, as a non-system program.

The facility may provide an authorization module that receives authorization queries for various security-sensitive resource accesses and returns a decision to allow or deny a resource access based on a centralized policy. A policy is a set of rules and practices that determine how a resource—such as, by way of example, a network, a file system, an application program, etc.—is managed and protected. In a centralized policy store, the rules in a policy are centrally located, which allows the rules and/or the policy to be revoked centrally and set centrally. This is in contrast to a distributed or per-object access control model, typically implemented using access control lists that are bound to physical objects.

The authorization module may be queried directly by the various operating system components that service resource access requests issued by user mode programs, e.g., application programs executing in a user context. Alternatively, the authorization module may be queried by an “interception layer” sitting on top of such operating system components. The interception layer is code that intercepts the system call functions used by the user mode programs to access the resources, and applies “wrappers” to the intercepted system call functions.

The authorization module makes its access control decisions (i.e., allow or deny) based on an identity of a principal and the rules in the policy that are applicable to the principal. The principal may either be an application program—e.g., application process—attempting the resource access, or a combination of an application program attempting the resource access and a user on whose behalf the application program is executing (e.g., the user context under which the application program is executing). In some embodiments, the principal may also include other parameters in addition to the application program, either alone or in combination with the user, such as, by way of example, type of access requested, environmental factors—e.g., is the computer on which the application program is executing inside a corporate network or connected to a public network, patch level of the computer, etc.

In some embodiments, the facility provides a dynamic policy in that the rules in the policy may have dependencies on dynamically configurable environment parameters. Examples of environment parameters include, a specified path, a specification of a collection of filename extensions, a specification of a collection of directories, an enablement of a protocol, etc. The environment parameters may be either set by an administrator, who may be an administrator that is different than an administrator who administers the policies, or automatically by the computer system. For example, a security administrator may create or set a rule that permits a particular application program to write certain types of files to a collection of directories. Here, even though the security administrator created the rule, a different administrator, such as a web administrator, independently specifies the parameters “certain types of files” and the “collection of directories.”

In some embodiments, the level of security risk and/or intent of an application program may be assessed based upon an analysis of a policy designated for the application program. The application program expresses up front its intent regarding the resources that are to be used by the application program. This expression of intent facilitates application security assessments based upon a particular application program's resource requirements. The facility may query the security risk and/or intent of an application program prior to either loading or executing the application program. In some embodiments, the facility may prevent an application program without a policy from loading and/or executing. In some embodiments, the facility may prevent an application program intending to access certain identified resources from loading and/or executing.

The various embodiments of the facility and its advantages are best understood by referring to FIGS. 1-10 of the drawings. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the invention. Throughout the drawings, like numerals are used for like and corresponding parts of the various drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating selected components typically incorporated in at least some of the computer systems on which the facility executes. These computer systems 100 may include one or more central processing units (“CPUs”) 102 for executing computer programs; a computer memory 104 for storing programs and data—including data structures—while they are being used; a persistent storage device 106, such as a hard drive, for persistently storing programs and data; a computer-readable media drive 108, such as a CD-ROM drive, for reading programs and data stored on a computer-readable medium; and a network connection 110 for connecting the computer system to other computer systems, such as via the Internet, to exchange programs and/or data-including data structures.

The facility may be described in the general context of computer-readable instructions, such as program modules, executed by computer systems 100 or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Memory 104 and persistent storage device 106 are computer-readable media that may contain instructions that implement the facility. It will be appreciated that memory 104 and persistent storage 106 may have various other contents in addition to the instructions that implement the facility.

It will be appreciated that computer systems 100 may include one or more display devices for displaying program output, such as video monitors or LCD panels, and one or more input devices for receiving user input, such as keyboards, microphones, or pointing devices such as a mouse. While computer systems 100 configured as described above are typically used to support the operation of the facility, it will be appreciated that the facility may be implemented using devices of various types and configurations, and having various components.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating selected components of the facility, according to some embodiments. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the facility includes an authorization module 202 which is implemented as an integral component of an operating system 204 suitable for executing on computer system 100. Authorization module 202 generally functions as an added protection layer to high risk processes such as network facing applications, network facing services and operating system components, applications dealing with untrusted content, and untrusted code, e.g., typically, code delivered via the Internet. Authorization module 202 provides the logic for performing the policy driven access control of the resources available on computer system 100.

The facility also includes policies 206 from which authorization module 202 makes its access control decisions. Policies 206 are the rules that determine whether to allow or deny a request for authorization to access a resource. In some embodiments, policies 206 get compiled into runtime—e.g., binary—rules that get enforced by operating system 204 and, in particular, authorization module 202. In some embodiments, policies 206 are implemented as part of a centralized policy store, which allows policies 206, including the rules in the policies 206, to be revoked centrally and set centrally, for example, by users and/or administrators.

Authorization module 202 may be queried by the various operating system kernel components 208 that service resource access requests issued by a principal, e.g., a principal 212 a. Authorization module 202 may also be queried by an interception layer 210 that intercepts the system call functions issued by a principal, e.g., a principal 212 b, to access the resources. Interception layer 210 applies wrappers to the intercepted system call functions to enable authorization module 202 to perform the access control check against the applicable policy 206. For example, applying a wrapper may include determining the identity of the principal and/or various environmental factors associated with computing system 100 and providing this information as part of a request for authorization to perform a system call to authorization module 202 to enable it to perform the access control check. Moreover, authorization module 202 may directly be queried by a principal, e.g., a principal 212 c.

In some embodiments, the access control check performed by authorization module 202 is a function of a principal making the resource access request and a policy that applies to the principal. As such, authorization module 202 makes its access control decisions (i.e., allow or deny) based on an identity of a principal—either the identity of a calling application program, or the combination of the identity of the calling application program and the identity of a user on whose behalf the application program is executing—and the rules in the policy that are applicable to the principal. In some embodiments, authorization module 202 may additionally consider parameters, such as, by way of example, type of access requested, environmental factors—e.g., is the computer on which the application program is executing inside a corporate network or connected to a public network, patch level of the computer, etc.—in addition to the identity of the principal and the rules in the policy that are applicable to the principal in making its access control decision.

In some embodiments, the facility may include an optional anomaly detection module 214 as depicted by the broken or “dashed” lines in FIG. 2. Anomaly detection module 214 generally functions to monitor the behavior of computer system 100 and the programs executing on computer system 100 in order to detect an anomalous state. In some embodiments, anomaly detection module 214 provides the facility a first notification upon detecting an anomaly and a subsequent, second notification upon detecting the cessation of the previously detected anomaly. This enables the facility to activate the enforcement of policies 206 upon detection of an anomaly, until the anomaly has ended, after which policies 206 are no longer enforced. Alternatively, the facility may initially impose a less restrictive set of policies until an anomaly is detected, in which case a more restrictive set of policies are enforced, until the anomaly has ended and the less restrictive set of policies are again enforced. Anomaly detection module 214 may detect an anomaly in either a single process executing on computer system 100, a group of processes executing on computer system 100, or the entire computer system 100.

The aforementioned aspects of the facility are only illustrative and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the implementation of the illustrated components and/or the scope of use or functionality of the facility. For example, in some embodiments, authorization module 202 need not be implemented as part of or integral to operating system 204, but may be implemented separate of or outside operating system 204, for example, as a non-operating system program. Moreover, in some embodiments, policies 206 need not be implemented as or a part of a centralized policy store. Thus, policies 206 need not be in one place, but may be implemented using, for example, a distributed model. Furthermore, even though policies 206 are depicted as part of or contained in authorization module 202, policies 206 need only be accessible by authorization module 202.

In the discussion that follows, embodiments of facility are described in conjunction with a variety of illustrative examples. It will be appreciated that the embodiments of facility may be used in circumstances that diverge significantly from these examples in various respects.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example policy suitable for use by the facility, according to some embodiments. The example policy includes the rules to protect a web server application. By way of example, an application process, as indicated by item 302, requesting a resource is checked to determine if it is a WebServerX web server process, as indicated by item 304. If authorization module 202 determines that the requesting application process is a WebServerX web server process, authorization module 202 either allows or denies authorization for the requested resource based on the rules included in the policy.

As illustrated, the example policy contains the privileges or access rights granted to a WebServerX process, and the default is to deny authorization for the requested resource, as indicated by rule 306, unless the privilege or access right is specified. Stated another way, unless the requested resource is explicitly granted in the policy, authorization for the requested resource is denied. In some embodiments, the policy may contain rules that specify access restrictions, e.g., rules that specify that authorization to perform particular actions be denied or that deny authorization to access resources, or rules that cause an audit, e.g., log an event.

The first rule in the example policy is a directive to permit the WebServerX process to write “$html” files, as indicated by item 308, to “$WebDirectories,” as indicated by item 310. The “$html” is a representation of a collection of file types, for example, *.html, *.gif, etc. The “$WebDirectories” is a representation of a collection of directories configured to be web directories, and may be defined by an administrator, such as a web administrator, who is different than the creator of the policy, such as a security administrator. For example, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision (i.e., grant of authorization) based on this rule in response to a WebServerX process requesting to write a file of a type defined by the parameter “$html” to one of the directories defined by the parameter “$WebDirectories.” Thus, a rule in the policy may apply to dynamic, independently defined groups of objects, such as “$WebDirectories,” and dynamically configurable environment parameters, such as “$html.”

The second rule in the example policy is a directive to permit the WebServerX process to write to the “$FTP Upload Directory,” as indicated by item 312, if it is executing on behalf of “user A,” as indicated by item 314. For example, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision (i.e., grant of authorization) based on this rule in response to a WebServerX process executing on behalf of user A requesting to write to the “$FTP Upload Directory.”

The third rule in the example policy is a directive to permit inbound http traffic, as indicated by item 316. For example, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision (i.e., grant of authorization) based on this rule in response to a WebServerX process requesting to receive inbound http data, e.g., receive http data packets transmitted over a network connection.

The fourth rule in the example policy is a directive to permit “FTP traffic,” as indicated by item 318, if the variable “$FTP” is enabled, as indicated by item 320. Here, “$FTP” is a variable, and may be set by an administrator who is different than a security administrator who created the policy. For example, authorization module 202 performs a run-time check to determine if the variable “$FTP” is enabled, and if so, returns an allow decision (i.e., grant of authorization) based on this rule in response to a WebServerX process requesting to send or receive data defined by the parameter “FTP traffic.” Alternatively, if the “$FTP” is not enabled, authorization module 202 will return a deny decision (i.e., denial of authorization) in response to the aforementioned access request as indicated by item 306.

It will be appreciated that the policy may include rules that define privileges for objects within and outside the operating system, such as application processes as illustrated by the example privilege above. The rules in a policy may be specified using a rich schema, similar to writing code using compiled or interpreted programming language. For example, the schema may support the inclusion of conditions and temporal conditions, e.g., “allow X only if Y,” dependencies on dynamically configurable environment parameters and variables, dependencies on environmental factors, and the like, in the rules. Moreover, the use of parameters facilitates the creation of rules that apply to both present and future objects. For example, documents of a particular type may be represented by a parameter, and using the parameter, a rule can be created that specifies a restriction that applies to all documents of that particular type, whether currently in existence or later created. In some embodiments, the policy may specify that certain decisions are to be relegated to the end user for decision, for example, through a pop-up dialog box.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flow chart of a method 400 by which the facility performs auditing of denied access requests, according to some embodiments. By way of example, a user (e.g., UserABC) may have logged on to a computer and started a word processing application (e.g., WPApp) and requested to open a file (e.g., FileX) stored in a directory (e.g., YZDir) on the computer. As a result, WPApp issues a request to access the resource FileX stored in directory YZDir. Beginning at a start step, authorization module 202 receives the authorization query, e.g., a request for authorization to access FileX stored in YZDir, at step 402.

At step 404, authorization module 202 identifies the principal that is requesting the authorization to access FileX stored in YZDir. In the above example, the principal may either be WPApp or the combination of WPApp and UserABC. At step 406, authorization module 202 identifies the policy applicable to the identified principal, for example, from a centralized policy store such as policies 206, and performs an access control check based on the identity of the principal and the applicable policy. At step 408, authorization module 202 determines whether the result of the access control check performed in step 406 is to deny access. Continuing the above example, authorization module 202 analyzes the identified applicable policy to determine whether a rule or privilege in the policy authorizes the principal to access FileX stored in YZDir, at step 408.

If authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy authorizes the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 420, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision, which is an indication that the principal is authorized to perform the requested action, and proceeds to an end step. Alternatively, if authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy does not authorize the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 410, authorization module 202 returns a deny decision, which is an indication that the principal is not authorized to perform the requested action. At step 412, authorization module 202 may return an error string to the principal, informing the principal of the lack of authorization to perform the requested action.

At step 414, authorization module 202 checks to determine whether auditing is enabled. A flag or a record associated with the applicable policy or rule may indicate whether to perform auditing. If auditing is not enabled, authorization module 202 proceeds to an end step. Alternatively, if auditing is enabled, authorization module 202 makes an entry in an audit log at step 416. The entry may identify the denied request, the failed rule, the principal, and/or the requested resource.

At step 418, authorization module 202 may trigger one or more events based on the auditing of the denied request. For example, authorization module 202 may provide a security administrator an indication, e.g., via email, voice mail, text messaging, etc., of the attempt by the principal to perform an unauthorized action, terminate the application process subsequent to the attempt by the principal to perform an unauthorized action, impose a stricter set of policies subsequent to the attempt by the principal to perform an unauthorized action, and the like. Subsequent to triggering the events, authorization module 202 proceeds to an end step.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps are only exemplary, and some of the steps may be optional, combined with fewer steps, or expanded into additional steps without detracting from the essence of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of a method 500 by which the facility performs auditing of inherently dangerous operations, according to some embodiments. By way of example, a user (e.g., UserABC) may have logged on to a computer and started a web browser program (e.g., WebBrowser) and requested to access a web page (e.g., PageX) on an untrusted web site (e.g., WebSiteY). As a result, WebBrowser issues a request to retrieve PageX from WebSiteY. Steps 502-508 are substantially similar to steps 402-408 of method 400.

If, at step 508, authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy does not authorize the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 510, authorization module 202 returns a deny decision, which is an indication that the principal is not authorized to perform the requested action. In the above example, WebBrowser may not have authorization to access untrusted site WebSiteY. At step 512, authorization module 202 may return an error string to the principal, informing the principal of the lack of authorization to perform the requested action. Subsequent to returning an error string, authorization module proceeds to an end step.

Alternatively, if authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy authorizes the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 514, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision, which is an indication that the principal is authorized to perform the requested action. At step 516, authorization module 202 checks to determine whether the authorized action is an inherently dangerous operation. For example, the facility may maintain a list of inherently dangerous operations, and authorization module 202 may check this list to determine if the authorized action is listed as an inherently dangerous operation.

If the authorized action is found to be an inherently dangerous operation, then at step 518, authorization module 202 performs an audit operation. For example, authorization module 202 may make an entry in an inherently dangerous operation audit log of an indication of the request and authorization to perform the inherently dangerous operation. The entry may also include an indication of the principal that requested the authorization to perform the inherently dangerous operation. Authorization module 202 may additionally perform other actions which may be triggered by the authorization to perform the inherently dangerous operation. Subsequent to performing the audit operation at step 518, or determining that the authorized action is not an inherently dangerous operation at step 516, authorization module 202 proceeds to an end step.

In some embodiments, authorization module 202 may make an entry in the inherently dangerous operation audit log of an indication of a request of authorization to perform an inherently dangerous operation. Continuing the above example, assuming that accessing untrusted site WebSiteY is indicated to be an inherently dangerous operation and, further, the applicable policy does not grant WebBrowser authorization to access WebSiteY, authorization module 202 returns a deny decision (step 510) and records the request for authorization to perform the inherently dangerous operation and the subsequent denial of authorization, for example, in the inherently dangerous operation audit log. Authorization module 202 may also record an indication of the principal that requested authorization to perform the inherently dangerous activity.

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow chart of a method 600 by which the facility performs learning to facilitate fine-tuning of a policy, according to some embodiments. By way of example, a user (e.g., UserABC) may have logged on to a computer and started a web browser program (e.g., WebBrowser) and requested to access a web page (e.g., PageX) on a web site (e.g., WebSiteY). As a result, WebBrowser issues a request to retrieve PageX from WebSiteY. Steps 602-608 are substantially similar to steps 402-408 of method 400.

If, at step 608, authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy authorizes the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 610, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision, which is an indication that the principal is authorized to perform the requested action, and proceeds to an end step. Alternatively, if authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy does not authorize the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 612, authorization module 202 checks to determine whether learning is enabled for the rule in the policy that denies authorization to perform the requested action. Continuing the above example, a policy applicable to WebBrowser may contain a rule that expressly denies WebBrowser access to the Internet and, thus, WebSiteY, but, may also provide an indication to apply learning instead of applying the rule.

If authorization module 202 determines that learning is not enabled for the rule that denies authorization to perform the requested action, then at step 618, authorization module 202 returns a deny decision, which is an indication that the principal is not authorized to perform the requested action. In the above example, the rule that expressly denies WebBrowser access to the Internet and, thus, WebSiteY, may not have an indication to apply learning. In this instance, the rule is applied and WebBrowser is denied authorization to access WebSiteY. At step 620, authorization module 202 may return an error string to the principal, informing the principal of the lack of authorization to perform the requested action. Subsequent to returning an error string, authorization module proceeds to an end step.

Alternatively, if, at step 612, authorization module 202 determines that learning is enabled for the rule that denies authorization to perform the requested action, then at step 614, authorization module 202 makes an entry in a learning report log of an indication of the failed rule. The entry may also include an indication of the principal that requested the authorization to perform the action that resulted in the failed rule. At step 616, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision, which is an indication that the principal is authorized to perform the requested action, and proceeds to an end step. Thus, instead of applying the applicable rule, authorization module 202 grants authorization to perform the requested action and records an indication of this event. A security administrator or other interested user can then analyze the contents of the learning report log to determine whether a rule or policy is too restrictive or not restrictive enough, and fine-tune the rule or policy before actually enforcing or implementing the rule or policy.

In some embodiments, authorization module 202 may make an entry in the learning report log of an indication of a rule that provided the authorization to perform a requested action. Continuing the above example, assuming that a rule expressly authorizes WebBrowser access to the Internet and, thus, WebSiteY, and also provides an indication to apply learning, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision (step 610) and records an indication of the rule that provided the authorization to perform the requested action. This information may also be used to fine-tune the rule or policy. For example, if it is determined from the entries in the report log that authorization to access a resource was too readily granted, the rule or policy may be adjusted or altered to reduce the instances where authorization to access to the resource is granted.

FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of a method 700 by which the facility provides a tiered access control check, according to some embodiments. Referring again to one of the prior examples, a user (e.g., UserABC) may have logged on to a computer and started a word processing application (e.g., WPApp) and requested to open a file (e.g., FileX) stored in a directory (e.g., YZDir) on the computer. As a result, WPApp issues a request to access the resource FileX stored in directory YZDir. Beginning at a start step, authorization module 202 receives the authorization query, e.g., a request for authorization to access FileX stored in YZDir, at step 702.

At step 704, an operating system running on the user's computer performs a conventional access control check. Continuing the above example, the operating system may check to determine whether the user has rights to open (e.g., read access) FileX in YZDir. At step 706, the operating system, using its conventional access check mechanism, determines whether to deny the user access to FileX.

If the operating system's conventional access check mechanism determines that the user should be denied access to FileX, then at step 708, the operating system returns a deny decision, and proceeds to an end step. The deny decision is an indication that the user is not authorized to perform the requested action, e.g., open FileX. Alternatively, if the operating system's conventional access check mechanism determines that the user should not be denied access to FileX, then at step 710, authorization module 202 identifies the principal that is requesting the authorization to access FileX stored in YZDir.

At step 712, authorization module 202 identifies the policy applicable to the identified principal, for example, from a centralized policy store such as policies 206, and performs an access control check based on the identity of the principal and the applicable policy. Continuing the above example, authorization module 202 analyzes the identified applicable policy to determine whether a rule or privilege in the policy authorizes the principal to access FileX stored in YZDir, at step 714.

If authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy authorizes the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 720, authorization module 202 returns an allow decision, which is an indication that the principal is authorized to perform the requested action, and proceeds to an end step. Alternatively, if authorization module 202 determines that the applicable policy does not authorize the principal to perform the requested action, then at step 716, authorization module 202 returns a deny decision, which is an indication that the principal is not authorized to perform the requested action. At step 718, authorization module 202 may return an error string to the principal, and proceeds to an end step. The error string may inform the principal of the lack of authorization to perform the requested action.

It will be appreciated that the tiered access check may be performed in the reverse order from that illustrated by method 700. For example, authorization module 202 first performs its access control check. If authorization module 202 determines that authorization should be given for a particular resource access, then the operating system performs its security check using its conventional access control mechanism.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow chart of a method 800 by which the facility determines a level of security risk of an application program, according to some embodiments. In particular, the facility makes an assessment of the level of security risk and/or intent of an application program based upon an analysis of a policy designated for the application program. By way of example, a user may have logged on to a computer and requested to load and/or execute an application program on the computer.

Beginning at a start step, an operating system running on the user's computer receives a request to load/execute the application program at step 802. At step 804, the operating system invokes the facility to determine whether the application program has a corresponding policy. For example, the policy applicable to the application program may be maintained as part of policies 206. If the facility determines that a policy applicable to the application program does not exist, the facility informs the operating system that an applicable policy does not exist. At step 806, the operating system denies the request to load/execute the application program and returns an error condition. Subsequent to denying the request, the operating system proceeds to an end step for this request.

Alternatively, if, at step 804, the facility determines that a policy applicable to the application program does exist, then at step 808, the facility analyzes the applicable policy to determine the level of potential security risk associated with or resulting from loading/executing the application program. The facility may base the level of risk on the level or extent of authorization granted by the rules in the policy. For example, if the rules authorize the application program to a lot of resources or a number of inherently dangerous resources, the facility may set the level of risk higher than if the rules only authorize the application program to a few, relatively safe resources. The facility informs the operating system that an applicable policy does exist, and proceeds to an end step.

FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of a method 900 by which the facility imposes a more restrictive policy upon detecting an anomaly, according to some embodiments. By way of example, the facility running on a computer may have two policies, a PolicyA and a PolicyB, which are applicable to an application program. Moreover, PolicyA may be less restrictive than PolicyB in that PolicyA grants authorization to a greater number of resources.

Beginning at a start step, the facility imposes the less restrictive PolicyA at step 902. At step 904, the facility may detect an anomalous state in an instance of the application program executing on the computer. Continuing the above example, an instance of the application program may be executing on the computer, and the facility may be monitoring the executing application program process. While monitoring the application program process, the facility may detect an anomalous condition or state in the process. For example, the facility may have previously generated a directed graph that represents the system calls normally issued by the application program by tracking previous instances of the application program that ran on the computer, and determined the presence of an anomalous state from a comparison of the system calls made by the current application program process and the directed graph.

At step 906, the facility imposes the more restrictive PolicyB in response to detecting the anomalous state, and proceeds to an end step. In one embodiment, the facility imposes the more restrictive PolicyB on the application program process in which the anomalous state was detected. Alternatively, the facility may impose the more restrictive PolicyB on the application program, e.g., all instances or processes of the application program. Moreover, depending on the detected anomaly, the application program, and/or the particular policy, the facility may impose a set of more restrictive policies on the entire computer, e.g., more restrictive policies are applied to all processes executing on the computer.

FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of a method 1000 by which the facility imposes a policy upon detecting an anomaly, according to some embodiments. By way of example, the facility running on a computer may have a policy, PolicyA, which is applicable to a web application program. Beginning at a start step, the facility does not impose the policy on the web application program at step 1002. Thus, PolicyA is dormant and not applied to the instances of the web application program executing on the computer. At step 1004, the facility may detect an anomalous state in an instance of the web application program executing on the computer.

Continuing the above example, an instance of the web application program may be executing on the computer, and the facility may be monitoring the executing web application program process. While monitoring the application program process, the facility may detect an anomalous condition or state in the process. For example, the facility may monitor the network traffic generated or caused by the web application process and determine from the network traffic that an anomalous state is present in the web application process. At step 1006, the facility imposes the dormant policy, PolicyA, on the web application program, for example, on the web application program process in which the anomaly was detected, and proceeds to an end step. Alternatively, the facility may impose PolicyA on all instances or processes of the web application program. Thus, the dormant policy becomes active and applied to the web application program.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. A computer-readable storage medium encoded with instructions that cause a computer to: provide a centralized policy store having policies for application programs, a policy for an application program specifying access rights of the application program to resources, wherein at least some application programs have different policies; receive a first request to load an application program into memory of the computer; responsive to receiving the first request, determining if there is a policy in the centralized policy store for the application program, when it is determined that there is no such policy, denying the first request to load the application program; and when it is determined that there is such policy, loading the application program into memory of the computer; subsequent to loading the application program, receiving a second request to access a resource of the computer, wherein the second request is received from a principal selected from the group consisting of the application program and a combination of a user identity and the application program; and performing an access control check based on the policy for the application program to determine whether to allow the requested access to the requested resource, wherein the policy for the application program is composed of one or more rules, the one or more rules having at least one dependency on a dynamically configurable environment parameter.
 2. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the instructions are integrated into and execute as part of an operating system suitable for executing on the computer.
 3. One or more computer memories collectively containing a centralized policy data structure, the centralized policy data structure comprising policies specifying access rights for application programs to resources, at least one policy comprising at least one rule having at least one dependency on a dynamically configurable environment parameter, wherein at least some application programs have different policies, such that the centralized policy data structure is used to determine whether to load an application program based on whether there is a policy for the application program, when it is determined that there is no such policy, the application program is not loaded; and when it is determined that there is such policy, the application program is loaded, and the policy is used to determine whether access to a resource is authorized based on an identity of the application program and the rules in the policy that are applicable to the application program.
 4. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the environment parameter is set by an administrator who is different from an administrator of the policy.
 5. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the environment parameter is a specified path.
 6. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the environment parameter is a specification of a collection of filename extensions.
 7. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the environment parameter is a specification of one or more directories.
 8. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the environment parameter is an indication of a protocol.
 9. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the at least one rule defines privileges for an object within an operating system.
 10. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the at least one rule defines privileges for an object outside an operating system.
 11. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the at least one rule supports the inclusion of conditions.
 12. The computer memories of claim 3, wherein the at least one rule defines privileges applicable to both present objects and later instantiated objects.
 13. A computer-readable storage medium whose contents cause a computer to: provide a centralized policy store comprising policies for application programs, wherein the policies specify access rights of at least one application program, and wherein at least some application programs have different policies; receive a request to load an application program into memory; responsive to receiving the request, determining whether there is a policy for the application program; responsive to determining that there is such policy, loading the application program into memory; and responsive to determining that there is no such policy, denying the request to load the application program.
 14. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13 further comprising contents that cause the computer to, responsive to determining that there is such policy, determining a potential security risk associated with loading the application program.
 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the potential security risk is based on an extent of authorization granted by the policy.
 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the determination of the existence of the policy is made prior to executing the application program.
 17. A computer-readable storage medium whose contents cause a computer to: provide a centralized policy store comprising policies for application programs, wherein at least some application programs have different policies; receive a request to load an application program into memory; determine whether there is a policy in the centralized policy store for the application, such that when it is determined that there is no such policy, denying the request to load the application program; and when it is determined that there is such policy, determining whether the application program intends to access a predetermined resource; and responsive to determining that the application program intends to access the predetermined resource, denying the request to load the application program, wherein the determination of the intent to access the predetermined resource is based upon an analysis of a policy for the application program.
 18. A system for performing an access control check comprising: a centralized policy store comprising policies specifying access rights for application programs, wherein at least some application programs have different policies; a load component operable to receive a request to load an application program into memory and, in response to receiving a request, determine whether there is a policy in the centralized policy store for the application program, such that when it is determined that there is no such policy, the request to load the application program is denied, and when it is determined that there is such policy, loading the application program into memory; an authorization query component operable to receive an authorization query regarding access to a resource; a principal identification component operable to identify a principal requesting access to the resource, wherein the principal is a combination of the application program and a user; and an access control check component operable to perform an access control check as a function of the principal, the policy in the centralized policy store for the application program, and the resource.
 19. A method in a computing system for querying the security risk of an application program, the method comprising: determining whether there is a policy applicable to an application program image; responsive to determining that there is an applicable policy, processing the application program image; and responsive to determining that an applicable policy does not exist, not processing the application program image.
 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising, responsive to determining that there is an applicable policy, determining a potential security risk associated with the application program image.
 21. The method of claim 19 further comprising analyzing the applicable policy to determine the intent of the application program image, such that further processing of the application program image is based on the intent of the application program image.
 22. The method of claim 19, wherein processing the application program image includes loading the application program image.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein processing the application program image includes executing the application program image.
 24. A system for processing an application program based on the existence of an applicable policy, the system comprising: a means for providing a centralized policy store comprising policies specifying access rights for application programs to resources, wherein at least some application programs have different policies; a means for receiving a request to perform an operation on an application program image; a means for determining whether a policy exists for the application program image; and a means for performing the operation based on the determination of whether an applicable policy exists, wherein when an applicable policy does not exist, the received request is denied and the operation is not performed.
 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the operation is loading the application program image.
 26. The system of claim 24, wherein the operation is executing the application program image. 